Metabolic Rift Theory

 > John Bellamy Fosters works focuses on how capitalism disrupts the natural cycle of material exchange, leading to ecological crises.

                    KEY COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC RIFT THEORY

Marx's concept of Metabolism

> Metabolic Rift: Marx described the relationship between human and nature as a metabolic process, a continues exchange of energy and materials.

Pre- capitalist balance: In this societies, this interaction was relatively balanced, nutrients returned to the soil through organic recycling, maintaining a healthy cycle.

        

                                                 Deep Ecology

>Deep ecology emphasizes the inherent value of all living things and call for a shift in human consciousness to live in harmony with nature. It goes beyond simply conserving resources for human benefits and seeks a fundamental change in our relationship with environments. 

> Arne Naess, a Norwegian philosopher, coined the term "Deep Ecology" influenced by Gandhi and Buddhist thought, Naess emphasized "ecological self-realization", where individuals recognize their interconnectness with nature. The movement gained traction in the 1980s, with activist like Bill Devall and George sessions expanding on Naess's ideas. Their Book "Deep Ecology" living as it nature mattered, further explained the philosophy and its implication for environmental ethics.

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